Old Fashioned Sailor Black and White Detailed Drawing From the Age of Exploration

Period of history

The geography of Due north Africa has been reasonably well known among Europeans since classical artifact in Greco-Roman geography. Northwest Africa (the Maghreb) was known as either Libya or Africa, while Egypt was considered part of Asia.

European exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa begins with the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, pioneered past the Kingdom of Portugal under Henry the Navigator. The Cape of Good Hope was first reached past Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488, opening the important bounding main route to India and the Far East, only European exploration of Africa itself remained very limited during the 16th and 17th centuries. The European powers were content to found trading posts forth the coast while they were actively exploring and colonizing the New Earth. Exploration of the interior of Africa was thus mostly left to the Muslim slave traders, who in tandem with the Muslim conquest of Sudan established far-reaching networks and supported the economy of a number of Sahelian kingdoms during the 15th to 18th centuries.

At the beginning of the 19th century, European knowledge of the geography of the interior of Sub-Saharan Africa was still rather express. Expeditions exploring Southern Africa were made during the 1830s and 1840s, then that effectually the midpoint of the 19th century and the beginning of the colonial Scramble for Africa, the unexplored parts were at present limited to what would plow out to be the Congo Bowl and the African Great Lakes. This "Heart of Africa" remained one of the last remaining "blank spots" on world maps of the subsequently 19th century (alongside the Arctic, Antarctic and the interior of the Amazon basin). It was left for 19th-century European explorers, including those searching for the famed sources of the Nile, notably John Hanning Speke, Sir Richard Burton, David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley, to complete the exploration of Africa by the 1870s. After this, the general geography of Africa was known, simply it was left to further expeditions during the 1880s onward, notably, those led by Oskar Lenz, to mankind out more item such equally the continent'south geological makeup.

History [edit]

Antiquity [edit]

reconstruction of Hecataeus' map of the world

The Phoenicians explored North Africa, establishing a number of colonies, the nearly prominent of which was Carthage. Carthage itself conducted exploration of Westward Africa. The outset circumnavigation of the African continent was probably made by Phoenician sailors, in an expedition commissioned by Egyptian pharaoh Necho II, circa 600 BC which took three years. A report of this expedition is provided by Herodotus (4.37). They sailed south, rounded the Cape heading due west, fabricated their mode north to the Mediterranean, and then returned home. He states that they paused each twelvemonth to sow and harvest grain. Herodotus himself is sceptical of the historicity of this feat, which would have taken place about 120 years before his birth; however, the reason he gives for disbelieving the story is the sailors' reported claim that when they sailed along the southern coast of Africa, they found the Dominicus stood to their right, in the north; Herodotus, who was unaware of the spherical shape of the Globe institute this impossible to believe. Some commentators took this circumstance as proof that the voyage is historical, simply other scholars still dismiss the report as unlikely.^[i]

The West African declension may have been explored by Hanno the Navigator in an trek c.500 BC.^[2] The written report of this voyage survives in a short Periplus in Greek, which was showtime cited by Greek authors in the 3rd century BC.^{[3] : 162–3} There is some dubiety as to how far precisely Hanno reached; he clearly sailed as far as Sierra Leone, and may have continued every bit far as Guinea or even Gabon.^[4] All the same, Robin Police force notes that some commentators have argued that Hanno's exploration may take taken him no farther than southern Morocco.^[5]

Roman expeditions to Sub-Saharan Africa west of the Nile river

Africa is named for the Afri people who settled in the surface area of current-day Tunisia. The Roman province of Africa spanned the Mediterranean coast of what is now Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya, Tunisia, and Algeria. The parts of N Africa n of the Sahara were well known in antiquity. However, the Romans never seem to take explored the Sahara itself, or the lands South of it.^[half-dozen]

Prior to the 2nd century BC, however, Greek geographers were unaware that the landmass then known as Libya expanded s of the Sahara, bold that the desert bounded on the outer Ocean. Indeed, Alexander the Great, according to Plutarchus' Lives, considered sailing from the mouths of the Indus back to Macedonia passing south of Africa equally a shortcut compared to the land route. Even Eratosthenes around 200 BC still assumed an extent of the landmass no further south than the Horn of Africa.

Past the Roman imperial period, the Horn of Africa was well-known to Mediterranean geographers. The trading post of Rhapta, described as "the last marketplace of Azania," may correspond to the coast of Tanzania. The Periplus of the Erythraean Ocean, dated to the 1st century AD, appears to extend geographical noesis further south, to Southeast Africa. Ptolemy's earth map of the 2nd century is well enlightened that the African continent extends significantly further south than the Horn of Africa, just has no geographic detail due south of the equator (it is unclear whether it is aware of the Gulf of Guinea).^[7]

Middle Ages [edit]

Jaume Ferrer sailed from Majorca downwards the West African coast to find the legendary "River of Gilded" in 1346, but the outcome of his quest and his fate are unknown.

Early Portuguese expeditions [edit]

Portuguese explorer Prince Henry, known equally the Navigator, was the first European to methodically explore Africa and the oceanic route to the Indies. From his residence in the Algarve region of southern Portugal, he directed successive expeditions to circumnavigate Africa and reach India. In 1420, Henry sent an expedition to secure the uninhabited just strategic isle of Madeira. In 1425, he tried to secure the Canary Islands every bit well, but these were already under firm Castilian control. In 1431, another Portuguese expedition reached and annexed the Azores.

Naval charts of 1339 show that the Canary Islands were already known to Europeans. In 1341, Portuguese and Italian explorers prepared a joint trek. In 1342 the Catalans organized an expedition captained by Francesc Desvalers to the Canary Islands that set sheet from Majorca. In 1344, Pope Cloudless 6 named French admiral Luis de la Cerda Prince of Fortune, and sent him to conquer the Canaries. In 1402, Jean de Bethencourt and Gadifer de la Salle sailed to conquer the Canary Islands simply plant them already plundered by the Castilians. Although they did conquer the isles, Bethencourt's nephew was forced to sacrifice them to Castile in 1418.

In 1455 and 1456 two Italian explorers, Alvise Cadamosto from Venice and Antoniotto Usodimare from Genoa, together with an unnamed Portuguese captain and working for Prince Henry of Portugal, followed republic of the gambia river, visiting the land of Senegal, while another Italian crewman from Genoa, Antonio de Noli, also on behalf of Prince Henry, explored the Bijagós islands, and, together with the Portuguese Diogo Gomes, the Republic of cape verde archipelago. Antonio de Noli, who became the outset governor of Cape Verde (and the kickoff European colonial governor in Sub-Saharan Africa), is also considered the discoverer of the Beginning Islands of Cape verde.^[viii]

Along the western and eastern coasts of Africa, progress was also steady; Portuguese sailors reached Cape Bojador in 1434 and Cape Blanco in 1441. In 1443, they congenital a fortress on the island of Arguin, in mod-twenty-four hour period Islamic republic of mauritania, trading European wheat and textile for African gold and slaves. Information technology was the get-go time that the semi-mythic aureate of the Sudan reached Europe without Muslim mediation. Most of the slaves were sent to Madeira, which became, after thorough deforestation, the first European plantation colony. Between 1444 and 1447, the Portuguese explored the coasts of Senegal, Republic of the gambia, and Guinea. In 1456, the Venetian captain Alvise Cadamosto, under Portuguese control, explored the islands of Cape verde. In 1462, ii years after Prince Henry's death, Portuguese sailors explored the Bissau islands and named Serra Leoa (Lioness Mountains).

In 1469, Fernão Gomes rented the rights of African exploration for five years. Nether his direction, in 1471, the Portuguese reached modern Ghana and settled in A Mina (the mine), today's Elmina. They had finally reached a country with an abundance of gold, hence the historical name of "Gold Declension" that Elmina would eventually receive.

In 1472, Fernão exercise Pó discovered the island that would acquit his name for centuries (now Bioko) and an estuary abundant in shrimp (Portuguese: camarão,), giving its name to Cameroon.

Before long after, the equator was crossed past Europeans. Portugal established a base in Sāo Tomé that, after 1485, was settled with criminals. Later 1497, expelled Spanish and Portuguese Jews were also sent there.

In 1482, Diogo Cão found the mouth of a large river and learned of the beingness of a bang-up kingdom, Kongo. In 1485, he explored the river upstream too.

But the Portuguese wanted, above anything else, to find a route to India and kept trying to circumnavigate Africa. In 1485, the expedition of João Afonso d'Aveiros, with the High german astronomer Martin of Behaim as function of the crew, explored the Bight of Benin (Kingdom of Benin), returning data about African king Ogane.

In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias and his pilot Pêro de Alenquer, after putting down a wildcat, turned a cape where they were defenseless by a tempest, naming it Cape of Storms. They followed the coast for a while realizing that information technology kept going eastward with fifty-fifty some tendency to the north. Defective supplies, they turned effectually with the conviction that the far end of Africa had finally been reached. Upon their return to Portugal, the promising cape was renamed Greatcoat of Skilful Promise.

Some years later on, Christopher Columbus landed in America under rival Castilian control. Pope Alexander Half-dozen decreed the Inter caetera balderdash, dividing the non-Christian parts of the globe betwixt the ii rival Catholic powers, Spain and Portugal.

Finally, in the years 1497 to 1498, Vasco da Gama, over again with Alenquer equally a airplane pilot, took a direct route to Cape of Skillful Hope, via St. Helena. He went beyond the farthest bespeak reached by Dias and named the country Natal. And so he sailed due north, making state at Quelimane (Mozambique) and Mombasa, where he institute Chinese traders, and Malindi (both in modern Kenya). In this town, he recruited an Arab airplane pilot who led the Portuguese direct to Calicut. On Baronial 28, 1498, King Manuel of Portugal informed the Pope of the skilful news that Portugal had reached India.

Egypt and Venice reacted to this news with hostility; from the Scarlet Ocean, they jointly attacked the Portuguese ships that traded with Bharat. The Portuguese defeated these ships well-nigh Diu in 1509. The Ottoman Empire's indifferent reaction to Portuguese exploration left Portugal in nigh exclusive control of trade through the Indian Body of water.^{[ citation needed ]} They established many bases forth the eastern declension of Africa except for Somalia (See Ajuran-Portuguese wars). The Portuguese also captured Aden in 1513.

One of the ships under command of Diogo Dias arrived at a declension that was not in East Africa. Two years later, a chart already showed an elongated island eastward of Africa that diameter the proper noun Madagascar. But only a century after, betwixt 1613 and 1619, did the Portuguese explore the isle in item. They signed treaties with local chieftains and sent the starting time missionaries, who institute it incommunicable to make locals believe in Hell, and were eventually expelled.^{[ citation needed ]}

Early modern history [edit]

Portuguese [edit]

The Portuguese presence in Africa presently interfered with existing Arab merchandise interests. By 1583, the Portuguese established themselves in Zanzibar and on the Swahili declension. The Kingdom of Congo was converted to Christianity in 1495, its king taking the name of João I. The Portuguese also established their merchandise interests in the Kingdom of Mutapa in the 16th century, and in 1629 placed a boob ruler on the throne.

The Portuguese (and subsequently also the Dutch) likewise became involved in the local slave economy, supporting the state of the Jaggas, who performed slave raids in the Congo.^{[ citation needed ]}

They also used the Kongo to weaken the neighboring realm of the Ndongo, where Queen Nzinga put upward a tearing just eventually doomed resistance to Portuguese and Jagga ambitions. Portugal intervened militarily in these conflicts, creating the basis for their colony of Angola. In 1663, subsequently another disharmonize, the purple crown of Kongo was sent to Lisbon. Notwithstanding, a diminished Kongo Kingdom would still exist until 1885, when the last Manicongo, Pedro V, ceded his almost non-existent domain to Portugal.

The Portuguese dealt with the other major state of Southern Africa, the Monomotapa (in modern Republic of zimbabwe), in a like manner: Portugal intervened in a local war hoping to get arable mineral riches, imposing a protectorate. But with the authority of the Monomotapa diminished by the foreign presence, anarchy took over. The local miners migrated and fifty-fifty buried the mines to prevent them from falling into Portuguese hands. When in 1693 the neighboring Cangamires invaded the country, the Portuguese accepted their failure and retreated to the coast.

Dutch [edit]

Starting time in the 17th century, the Netherlands began exploring and colonizing Africa. While the Dutch were waging a long war of independence confronting Spain, Portugal had temporarily united with Spain, starting in 1580 and ending in 1640. Every bit a result, the growing colonial ambitions of holland were mostly directed confronting Portugal.

For this purpose, 2 Dutch companies were founded: the West Indies Company, with power over all the Atlantic Ocean, and the East Indies Visitor, with ability over the Indian Body of water.

The West India Company conquered Elmina in 1637 and Luanda in 1640. In 1648, they were expelled from Luanda by the Portuguese. Overall the Dutch built 16 forts in different places, including Gorée in Senegal, partly overtaking Portugal as the primary slave-trading power. The Dutch Gold Coast and Dutch Slave Coast were successful.

But in the colony of Dutch Loango-Republic of angola, the Portuguese managed to expel the Dutch.

In Dutch Mauritius the colonization started in 1638 and concluded in 1710, with a brief interruption between 1658 and 1666. Numerous governors were appointed, but continuous hardships such as cyclones, droughts, pest infestations, lack of food, and illnesses finally took their toll, and the isle was definitively abandoned in 1710.

The Dutch left a lasting impact in Southward Africa, a region ignored by Portugal that the Dutch somewhen decided to utilise as a station in their route to East Asia. January van Riebeeck founded Greatcoat Town in 1652, starting the European exploration and colonization of South Africa.

Other early modern European presence [edit]

Map of Fort James (Gambia), the first English possession in Africa

Almost at the same time as the Dutch, other European colonial powers attempted to create their own outposts in Westward Africa, post-obit in the footsteps of the Portuguese.

During the Tudor period, English merchant adventurers started trading in W Africa, coming into disharmonize with Portuguese troops. In 1581, Francis Drake reached the Cape of Good Hope. In 1660, the Regal African Company was founded. In 1663, the English built Fort James in Republic of the gambia. One year later, another English language colonial expedition attempted to settle southern Madagascar, resulting in the death of about of the colonists. The English forts on the W African coast were eventually taken past the Dutch.

In 1626, the French Compagnie de l'Occident was created. This company expelled the Dutch from Senegambia (Senegal), making it the first French domain in Africa, they besides conquered the island of Arguin.

France besides set up her eyes on Republic of madagascar, the island that had been used since 1527 every bit a stop in travels to India. In 1642, the French Due east India Company founded a settlement in southern Madagascar called Fort Dauphin. The commercial results of this settlement were scarce and, over again, well-nigh of the settlers died. One of the survivors, Etienne de Flacourt, published a History of the Great Island of Madagascar and Relations, which was for a long fourth dimension the main European source of information about the island. Further settlement attempts had no more than success but, in 1667, François Martin led the offset expedition to the Malagasy heartland, reaching Lake Alaotra. In 1665, French republic officially claimed Madagascar, nether the proper name of Île Dauphine. However, little colonial activity would take place in Madagascar until the 19th century.

In 1651, the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (a vassal of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) gained a colony in Africa on St. Andrew's Isle at the Gambia River and established the Jacob Fort there. The Duchy also took other local lands including St. Mary Island (modern-mean solar day Banjul) and Fort Jillifree

In 1650, Swedish merchants founded Swedish Gold Declension in modern Ghana post-obit the foundation of the Swedish Africa Company (1649). In 1652 the foundations were laid of the fort Carlsborg.In 1658 Fort Carlsborg was seized and fabricated office of the Danish Gilt Coast colony, then to the Dutch Gold Coast. Later on the local population started a successful uprising against their new masters and in December 1660 the King of the Akan people subgroup-Efutu again offered Sweden command over the area, merely in 1663 were seized by the Danish after a long defense of Fort Christiansborg.

The Dano-Norwegian colonized the Danish Gold Coast, from 1674 to 1755 the settlements were administered past the Danish Due west India-Guinea Company. From December 1680 to 29 Baronial 1682, the Portuguese occupied Fort Christiansborg. In 1750 it was fabricated a Danish crown colony. From 1782 to 1785 information technology was under British occupation. From 1814 information technology was made role of the territory of Denmark.

In 1677, Male monarch Frederick William I of Prussia sent an expedition to the western coast of Africa. The commander of the trek, Helm Blonk, signed agreements with the chieftains of the Gilded Coast. In that location, the Prussians built a fort named Gross Friederichsburg and restored the abandoned Portuguese fort of Arguin. But in 1720, the king decided to sell these bases to the Netherlands for seven,000 ducats and 12 slaves, 6 of them chained with pure gilded chains.

In 1777, the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso in which Portugal give the islands of Annobón and Fernando Poo in waters of the Gulf of Republic of guinea, as well equally the Guinean coast between the Niger River and the Ogooué River, to Spain.

The British expressed their interest by the formation in 1788 of The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa. The individuals who formed this club were inspired in part by the Scotsman James Bruce, who had ventured to Ethiopia in 1769 and reached the source of the Blue Nile.

Overall, the European exploration of Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries was very limited. Instead, they were focused on the slave trade, which just required coastal bases and items to trade. The real exploration of the African interior would showtime well into the 19th century.

The 19th century [edit]

Routes of European explorers in Africa to 1853

Although the Napoleonic Wars distracted the attention of Europe from exploratory work in Africa, those wars yet exercised bully influence on the future of the continent, both in Egypt and South Africa. The occupation of Egypt (1798–1803), showtime by France and so by Not bad Uk, resulted in an effort by the Ottoman Empire to regain straight control over that land. In 1811, Mehemet Ali established an about independent state, and from 1820 onward established Egyptian dominion over eastern Sudan. In South Africa, the struggle with Napoleon caused the United Kingdom to take possession of the Dutch settlements at the Cape. In 1814, Cape Colony, which had been continuously occupied by British troops since 1806, was formally ceded to the British crown.

Meanwhile, considerable changes had been made in other parts of the continent. The occupation of Algiers by France in 1830 put an end to the piracy of the Barbary states. Egyptian authorization continued to aggrandize southward, with the consequent additions to knowledge of the Nile. The city of Zanzibar, on the isle of that name, rapidly attained importance. Accounts of a vast inland sea, and the discovery of the snow-clad mountains of Kilimanjaro in 1840–1848, stimulated the desire for further knowledge near Africa in Europe.

In the mid-19th century, Protestant missions were carrying on active missionary work on the Guinea coast, in South Africa and in the Zanzibar dominions. Missionaries visited lilliputian-known regions and peoples, and in many instances became explorers and pioneers of trade and empire. David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary, had been engaged since 1840 in work north of the Orange River. In 1849, Livingstone crossed the Kalahari Desert from south to n and reached Lake Ngami. Between 1851 and 1856, he traversed the continent from due west to east, discovering the corking waterways of the upper Zambezi River. In November 1855, Livingstone became the starting time European to see the famous Victoria Falls, named after the Queen of the Great britain. From 1858 to 1864, the lower Zambezi, the Shire River and Lake Nyasa were explored by Livingstone. Nyasa had been first reached past the confidential slave of António da Silva Porto, a Portuguese trader established at Bié in Angola, who crossed Africa during 1853–1856 from Benguella to the mouth of the Rovuma. A prime number goal for explorers was to locate the source of the River Nile. Expeditions by Burton and Speke (1857–1858) and Speke and Grant (1863) located Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria. Information technology was eventually proved to exist the latter from which the Nile flowed.

Henry Morton Stanley, who had in 1871 succeeded in finding and succouring Livingstone (originating the famous line "Dr. Livingstone, I presume"), started again for Zanzibar in 1874. In i of the virtually memorable of all exploring expeditions in Africa, Stanley circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza (Lake Victoria) and Lake Tanganyika. Hitting farther inland to the Lualaba, he followed that river down to the Atlantic Ocean—which he reached in August 1877—and proved information technology to be the Congo.

Comparing of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913

In 1895, the British Southward Africa Company hired the American sentry Frederick Russell Burnham to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the central and southern Africa region. Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British Due south Africa Exploration Company trek that first established that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia. Along the Kafue River, Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the U.s.a., and he encountered native peoples wearing copper bracelets.^[9] Copper rapidly became the primary export of Cardinal Africa and it remains essential to the economy even today.

The emergence of modernistic cartography, and placing it at the heart of the arroyo to scientific exploration, meant that a new drive to explore Africa began in Europe, particularly Uk. According to John Barrow, undersecretary to the Admiralty in the early on 1800s, described British knowledge of the African continent as "retrograded" and "almost blank", and pushed for further explorations of the continent.^[10] This cartographic approach "emptied African space of prior political and ethnic identifications" in Europeans' eyes.^[11]

Explorers were also agile in Southern Morocco, the Sahara and the Sudan, which were traversed in many directions between 1860 and 1875 by Georg Schweinfurth and Gustav Nachtigal.^[12] These travellers not only added considerably to geographical knowledge, but obtained invaluable data concerning the people, languages and natural history of the countries in which they sojourned. Among the discoveries of Schweinfurth was one that confirmed Greek legends of the beingness across Egypt of a "pygmy race". But the starting time western discoverer of the pygmies of Central Africa was Paul Du Chaillu, who plant them in the Ogowe district of the west coast in 1865, five years before Schweinfurth's showtime meeting with them. Du Chaillu had previously, through journeys in the Gabon region between 1855 and 1859, made popular in Europe the knowledge of the being of the gorilla, whose existence was thought to be as legendary as that of the Pygmies of Aristotle.

List of Africa explorers [edit]

15th century [edit]

Portuguese map of western Africa, 1571

15th/16th century [edit]

16th century [edit]

18th century [edit]

19th century [edit]

Heinrich Barth approaching Timbuktu in 1853

Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens in 1883

• Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie (1810–1897) (Irish born), explored Ethiopia
• Heinrich Barth
• Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (Italian born)
• Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
• Frederick Russell Burnham (1861-1947), an American explorer of s, due west, primal, and e Africa.
• Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890) (African Neat Lakes)
• René Caillié
• Hermenegildo Capelo
• Roberto Ivens
• Candido José da Costa Cardoso (visited Lake Republic of malaŵi [also known as Lake Nyasa or Lake Niassa] in 1846)
• Paul Du Chaillu
• Hugh Clapperton (1788–1827), explored w and central Africa
• Victor de Compiègne (1846–1877), explored Gabon
• Dixon Denham (1786–1828), explored westward cardinal Africa.
• James Frederic Elton (1840–1877)
• Emil Holub
• Ignatius Knoblecher (1819–1858), explored the White Nile bowl
• Alexander Gordon Laing (1793–1826)
• Macgregor Laird (1808–1861)
• Richard Lemon Lander (1804–1834)
• Harry Johnston (1858–1927)
• Frederick John Jackson (1860–1929), explored Uganda
• Oskar Lenz (1848–1925), expeditions in 1879-fourscore (trans-Sahara) and 1885-87 (Congo)
• David Livingstone (1813–1873)

  

• John Kirk (1832–1922)

  

• Frederick Lugard (1858–1945)
• Joseph Thomson (1858–1895) (African Great Lakes)
• Samuel Baker (1821–1893) (explored Republic of uganda and the Sudan)
• Arthur Henry Neumann (1850-1907) (explored what has since become Kenya and Uganda)
• Charles-Henri Pobéguin (1856–1951), explored French Africa
• Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti (1855–1926)
• Carlo Piaggia
• Serpa Pinto (soldier and colonizer of Africa)
• António da Silva Porto
• Arthur Henry Neumann (1850-1907)
• Manuel Iradier (1854-1911) (Explorer of Equatorial Guinea)
• Vittorio Bottego (1860–1897)
• Giuseppe Maria Giulietti (1847-1881)
• Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi (1873-1933)
• Georg Schweinfurth (Latvian built-in)
• Frederick Courtney Selous (1851-1917)
• Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) (Welsh built-in)
• William Edgar Geil (i Oct 1865, Doylestown, Pennsylvania – xi Apr 1925, Venice)
• John Hanning Speke (1827–1864) (discovered the source of the Nile)
• James Hingston Tuckey (1776–1816) (Irish built-in)
• Robert Bruce Napoleon Walker (1832–1901), explored Gabon as a trader for Hatton & Cookson

Early 20th century [edit]

Come across also [edit]

• Saharan explorers
• Cartography of Africa
• Historic period of Discovery

References [edit]

1. ^ Alan B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II (1975, 1988 Leiden). Lloyd, Alan B. (1977). "Necho and the Red Bounding main: Some Considerations". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 63: 142–155. doi:10.1177/030751337706300122. JSTOR 3856314. S2CID 192316548. Alan Lloyd suggests that the Greeks at this time understood that anyone going south far enough and then turning west would have the sun on their correct only found it unbelievable that Africa reached so far due south. He suggests that "It is extremely unlikely that an Egyptian rex would, or could, have acted as Necho is depicted as doing" and that the story might have been triggered by the failure of Sataspes attempt to circumnavigate Africa under Xerxes the Keen. See also Jona Lendering, The circumnavigation of Africa, Livius.
2. ^ The Periplus of Hanno; a voyage of discovery downwardly the west African declension (1912)
3. ^ Harden, Donald (1971) [1962]. The Phoenicians. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN0-14-021375-9.
4. ^ "Some taking Hanno to the Cameroons, or even Gabon, while others say he stopped at Sierre Leone." (Harden 1971, p. 169).
5. ^ R.C.C. Police (1979). "North Africa in the menstruum of Phoenician and Greek colonization". In Fage, J.D. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume ii. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN9780521215923 . Retrieved xx February 2016.
6. ^ L'Ange, Gerald (2012-04-17). The White Africans: From Colonisation To Liberation. Jonathan Ball Publishers. ISBN978-1-86842-491-7.
7. ^ The limit of Ptolemy's noesis in the west is Greatcoat Spartel (35° 48′ Due north); while he does assume that the coast eventually retreats in a "Great Gulf of the Western Ocean", this is not probable based on any knowledge of the Gulf of Guinea. Eric Anderson Walker, The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 7, Part 1, 1963, p. 66. In the east, Ptolemy is aware of the Red Sea (Sinus Arabicus) and the protrusion of the Horn of Africa, describing the gulf south of the Horn of Africa every bit Sinus Barbaricus.
8. ^ Astengo C, Balla 1000., Brigati I., Ferrada de Noli M., Gomes L., Hall T., Pires Five., Rosetti C. Da Noli a Capo Verde. Antonio de Noli east l'inizio delle scoperte del Nuovo Mondo. Marco Sabatelli Editore. Savona, 2013. ISBN 9788888449821 [four]
9. ^ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1899). "Northern Rhodesia". In Wills, Walter H. (ed.). Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. pp. 177–180.
10. ^ Kennedy, Dane (2013-03-01). The Last Bare Spaces. Harvard Academy Press. p. 12. ISBN978-0-674-07497-2.
11. ^ Kennedy, Dane (2013-03-01). The Final Bare Spaces. Harvard Academy Press. pp. 12–15. ISBN978-0-674-07497-ii.
12. ^ "Sahara and Sudan: The Results of Six Years Travel in Africa". Earth Digital Library. 1879–1889. Retrieved 2013-10-02 .
13. ^ http://world wide web.rhodesia.nl/rhodesiana/volume19.pdf^{[ bare URL PDF ]}

Bibliography [edit]

• Michael Crowder, The Story of Nigeria, Faber and Faber, London, 1978 (1962)
• Basil Davidson, The African Past, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1966 (1964)
• Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1971 (1962)
• Herodotus, transl. Aubrey de Selincourt, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968 (1954)
• Historia Universal Siglo XXI. Africa: desde la prehistoria hasta los años sesenta. Pierre Bertaux, 1972. Siglo XXI Editores S.A. ISBN 84-323-0069-1
• Vincent B. Khapoya, The African Experience, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998 (1994)
• Louise Levanthes, When China Ruled the Seas, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1994
• Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, St Martin's Press, New York, 1995 (1989)

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